The focus of our meeting is the transformation of Sardinia Regnum Sardiniae independent part of the Kingdom of Italy that encompasses so, roughly, a period that goes from 1720 to 1861 that is not the perfect time of the merger of Regnum Sardiniae with the Kingdom of Italy, but rather an important date with regard to the issue of land ownership.
E 'the final date, even if the final in Italy and there is little. in general, the law passed by the application are spending more and more years. In fact, even in 1865 is invoked, in fact, the need to eliminate ademprivi, lands that belonged to the community, which included forests and uncultivated land in which everyone belonged to that community could graze animals, go to collect firewood, gather acorns for to fatten pigs and so on.
This fact (the fence open fields) is not a phenomenon of Sardinia in particular, but concerns all European countries during 1700 and continued into 1800. In all European nations are also those who did not have a specific fortune and did not have possession of the land could be seen warranted given the opportunity to have a strip of open ground.
So every city, every village enjoyed the ownership of land which were assigned to longitudinal strips to various heads of households.
The furrows where he sowed beans, legumes in general, or other vegetables to which the public needed for their daily sustenance mainly had this configuration, the open fields were not like those we are accustomed to seeing today fenced. As I said, initially the transformation does not occur in Sardinia, where it will extend later than in England early 1700. The enclosure measures
determine social problems. From the open fields most of the dispossessed peasants gained a livelihood that is lost daily.
was necessary with the increasing population, agricultural production increased. The theories of the Physiocrats, the first theories of political economy after the practice of mercantilism: (traditional French policy of the minister Colbert subsidized factories of textiles, glass, porcelain, etc.., And which provided for state intervention in economic process that meant keep as much as possible in its coffers precious metal).
The first real economic theory is that of the Physiocrats, Quesnay argued that the only wealth is that which comes from land, from agricultural work. How to make money more and more land, and thus increase productivity? By making landowners, agricultural workers, because doing so would have involved workers not paying attention at work.
In Sardinia 1700 the word is just abolish the community of land and make it private property.
the early '700 he fought a war for succession to the throne of Spain, a mini world war which involves large Powers: Austria of the Habsburgs, the British, against the King of France who sought to put his grandson on the throne of Spain.
The situation is a bit 'messy drags on for several years. At the end of the Duke of Savoy, an ally of the Hapsburg Empire and the British can get a little 'reluctantly, Sardinia after an exchange with the Habsburgs of Austria getting Sicily, far richer and more economically viable.
Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy in return not only get the government of Sardinia, but also the title of king. This is how the Kingdom of Sardinia that no more than Regnum Sardiniae, vice kingdom of Spain, it becomes real in fact the Kingdom including Savoy, Piedmont, Liguria, the county of Nice and Sardinia. The new King
promises (and this was one of the constraints of the Treaty of Peace) to observe the manner in which Sardinia, for centuries, they ruled. In fact, that the viceroy was Aragonese, who was English, etc.. Sardinia enjoyed a real autonomy.
Sardinia, surely you have heard, he had particularly enjoyed autonomy since the 700, because of the Byzantines with the inability to control the routes of the Mediterranean Sea, the Sardinians were gradually built the small "independent kingdoms", the judged.
It was an important period because during the period of the judges, Sardinia, especially thanks to Mariano and Eleanor, the court of Arborea, was given a law, the Charter Logu.
For Piedmont, or rather the Savoy, who took possession of Sardinia, but respect the Charter Logu, that was the way in which justice was administered in Sardinia, it respected the legal cohabitation.
In this period, since late 1700, covers a period of fifty years, will become the property of feudal bourgeois by imperfect perfect. The property must be perfect, perfection of the property is the ability to decide by the owner, all you need to bring in the tanca. What was the situation? Roughly
most or at least half the area consisted of a feudal state property (state property, a term still used today, are all properties that are not of a specific owner but the State, for example, beaches, rivers ...), which included all the lands held by the feudal lords. There were also privately owned lands, tanks, and were fenced, the rest of the lands were "vidazzoni" (a term that historians are wont to assume that the word is derived from habitacion), consisting of common land, divided into two parts a sowing, the other to pasture, so that the rotation (which allowed the ground to get a natural fertilizer), in which it was forbidden to fence and finally by 'Segada de sa yua 'land, seed, annually divided between those who wanted to grow them.
This led the regime of community farmers, who generally always different soils, or exploit without measure or to move away from the earth and not feel passion for his job because he did not see a future.
Some say that after all the feeling of ownership in their children born in the early game: try to remove a toy to a child tells you "is mine!", Screened in that game because he sees something of himself, he feels like because we worked with the fantasy, also would be done on earth, one more work there, just feels the most land, it is said that the property is natural, and that is why a person tends to consider this property on which he has invested effort, which has invested over the mental point of view, with imagination and with respect to what where a farmer has been busy in particular, has been sweating. What precisely the
vidazzone? It is the part used in seeding of the common ground, the other part was dedicated to pasture (paberile). Assumed different names depending on the location and depending on the use that it did. There were indeed rude and grazing animals (in this case took the name of "Padru") or the tame cattle ("jump"), or dedicated to the common grazing lands ("cussorgia" - used mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Iglesiente). There were, therefore, these open fields occupying most of the territory on which they practiced the ademprivi, just the ability or power by any citizen to go to cut wood, to graze cattle, collect acorns, etc.. So the House of Savoy
initially does not change the ownership structure.
Find this situation: the main subject was the community, apart from the feudal lords of course, there was a system of mandatory rotation, there is the enjoyment of ademprivi, and there was also a nomadic shepherds.
This was a problem, the conflict, now almost over, between pastoralists and farmers has always existed, the minister needed to open fields through which pass the sheep, their flocks, and certainly not of the compound.
The farmer has the need for the seedlings are not browsed by the sheep, that his farm, on which he worked, will not be ruined, that the crop is not compromised by the flocks of the shepherds. One of the prime ministers ladyfingers Affairs of Sardinia, the Bogino, took a first step towards the transformation of the island.
The first forms of assistance are made of Savoy in Sardinia when he was appointed minister for the affairs of Sardinia Bogino Lorenzo, who, it is sufficient to see what are the reforms enacted, is particularly active: Establishment of an Academy in Cagliari Surgery; limit the number of sacred places that enjoy immunity (in the 700 yet, any criminal entered a church could not be touched); Limit categories that immunity (the noble, the ecclesiastic, enjoyed a particular court) New Plan for Education Lower (Italian language required); reordering of the administration and exploitation of saltworks, Reconnaissance of mining heritage; Works remediation of the Barony and the district of Pula Quartu; PRC University of Cagliari and Sassari first, but with teachers Piedmont; Restoring Frumentario Monti and Monti Granat, the sorts of banks lending to low interest, what today we would call agricultural loans. They included an allocation in wheat. Likewise, the Monte Frumentario make available to poor farmers for sowing the seeds, thus preventing them falling into the hands of usurers. Another important reform was the edict for the composition of the Municipal Councils and community.
very important to the intervention of Bogino in the second half of the 700, although he seems to have no precise theory of reference. Some historians talking about reforms unrealistic, because it does not change the overall picture, is also cited as a kind of reformism without reforms in the sense that it was that single interventions aimed at improving some aspect of reality, but had no impact in the community of Sardinian society. So unrealistic Reformation signifies a weakness of the government, a weakness of the bourgeois strata, low level of accumulation, the dominance of feudal forces.
The first one deals with in theory the need for transformation of the agricultural situation in Sardinia is firmly Father Gemelli. Of course, he does not make specific references to the Physiocrats.
In 1776 he wrote a book where he states that the causes of the decay of Sardinia, the island's extreme poverty reside in the defect of free land ownership, lack of casino (where you have the tools), lack of a sustainable society between farmer and owner if the owner did not work directly; lack of closure of the land.
analyze the historical situation it was in Sardinia at the end of '700. Everything stems from the attempt of the French (the signs are still there, for example in the palace Boyle, the marks of cannon balls of the shelling of January 27, 1793) to occupy Sardinia: February 14 landed on the coast of Quartu 4,000 soldiers. The attempt failed, for the protection of Sardinia.
The "patriots Sardinian" intend to see recognized their value. The Viceroy (who was the first of Balbiano During this period, or when the patriots Vivalda Sardinian advancing the first requests) were not able to defend the island. The Stamenti who were self-governing bodies and always should have been consulted by the king, are clamoring for a return to tradition.
"We are the Kingdom of Sardinia, sent ambassadors to Turin and demand respect for autonomy." In the summer of 1793 the Stamenti (representative bodies of most of the population, military, nobles, church, clergy, real, representatives of cities, that is, bourgeois) pronounce the Five Questions, in a memorandum addressed to the sovereign:
1. that Parliament never met Savoy kings, had already convened as the kings of Spain, every ten years;
2. which reaffirms the ancient privileges of the kingdom;
3. that, except for the office of viceroy, all civil and military were granted solely to Sardis;
4. you should set up a Ministry for the affairs of Sardinia in Turin;
5. that is established at Cagliari in a Council of State that the Viceroy should have consulted the ordinary to see amministrazione.proprio recognized their role, their capacity.
therefore asked that it also recognized the role of the Sardinians within its territory, that Sardinia was not simply a colony of the Piedmont and Sardinia just do not obey (to "foreigners"). The answer that is given to the five questions is elusive, and thus begin, April 28, 1794 uprisings against the government Viceroy of Cagliari: the Piedmontese were driven (now the date is a holiday "home" Sardinian, "sa die de sa Sardinia" , reminiscent of that event).
The government was taken by the Royal Audience of Understanding Stamenti and emerged with different policies (moderate - innovators - extreme positions), but it was these contrasts between the opposing factions to cause dramatic events and bring out the figure of Giovanni Maria Angioy which becomes a radical exponent, even more than perhaps he would not, driven by events. These events and his character will focus on later. The Savoy
overwhelmed and driven away, first to Nice and Savoy from Piedmont and then the same in 1999 took refuge in Sardinia. Here it all, when the queen arrives in Cagliari receives a donation by Stamenti (in fact the queen had had to flee without her jewels from Piedmont) a donation just to recognize the good will of the Sardinian people, recognition of the role of the king and the value that the royal power, a gesture so far from revolutionary.
part of the Sardinians the actual time spent in Cagliari has demonstrated a great ability to welcome. And here are the measures aimed at modernizing the island, primarily to address the issue of ownership.
Already in 1804 there was the so-called Agricultural Economic Society (established by the will of the then Viceroy Carlo Felice of Savoy, with the aim of creating an academy that would work as a dynamic center, able to investigate, study and disseminate the solutions likely to revive the island's economy.
The Royal Society operates throughout the island until 1862 and is not just agriculture. It was, on the contrary, the creator of a real project of modernization based on market liberalization and promotion individual economic initiative). But the real revolution was achieved with the closing of the Edict of 1820, by which it authorized the fencing of land that by tradition were hitherto regarded as collective property, in fact, introducing private ownership of land community.
The edict was aimed at facilitating the modernization and development of local agriculture, but created many problems for the way it was implemented in the fence, which is reported in the main points:
"The King Carlo Emanuele d'Avola my immortal memory, among many of his care PEL revival of Sardinia, he expressed the thought to facilitate the closure of land; principalissimo half insurance, and extend the property, and thus to promote agriculture. We believe this truth, already residing on the island, We used to encourage such great improvement, and then last year we thought it best of proclaiming the law, who was preparing our order.
I. Any owner may freely close to the hedge, or wall, or downstream of the pit, his land is not subject to any easements of pasture, in passing, a fountain, od'abbeveratoio
... Of course this led to a series of revolts, because most affected by the new law was of course the shepherds, for the pastures, they had to pay rents always higher and sometimes even exorbitant, resulting in fights, riots, armed conflicts, often fomented by the feudal lords who saw with concern arise a new class of farmers, in contrast to their privileges and their power. The fighting dragged on for over a decade and the Piedmontese government, although belatedly, because now they had established de facto situation hardly changed in favor of smarter and decided between farmers, in 1833 ordered the suspension of the closures.
So there was a different attitude between municipalities and the State, to which all citizens Sardinians were not treated in all territories in the same way because the state imposes strict rules and the municipalities were apply the rules more flexible and had a greater respect for the rights of the individual.
We see that the edict does not apply to the closing of Sardinian society but still gives a boost to the property, with a tax exemption for five years and the decrease of 1 / 5, fees for closing. Is then applied to a first division of the commons that he could not, however, cover the land for common grazing. This division was proportional to the number of people present in that particular town and also the working capacity. We can talk about
cadastres first, then reform: it met stages of disputes, of hopes, but most opposition in doubt the maximum lot size, the procedures to be followed for assignments as to who was entitled to the divisions (including women?).
The central action were a series of geodetic operations under government control that began in January of 1841 in countries such Uta, Assemini Sestu etc..
On 13 March 1841 was given authorization by the government to municipal subdivisions without measurements, which were made by the so-called "honest men", if there were no objections. This decision was, however, the failure to reproduce the conflicts in the communities, and indeed until 1843 there was very little progress.
thus began the open wastes of divisions, first by part of large landowners (the feudal system and thus become rich with his fiercest defenders) of land and livestock, which in fact incited herders in the rebellion, with riots that occurred in several countries of Sardinia in the mid-800 (ie Gonnosfanadiga, Nuraminis, Selangor etc.). the only non-punitive measure implemented was the subject of temporary use of commons for grazing or other common ademprivi. It should also be said that the rebellion fell after the government excluded those who refused to accept the divisions from successive breakdowns. Since 1848, however, the measurements become a primary with the entry into force of the general rules for the whole kingdom. Another
problem to be addressed in Sardinia in the years from 1835 to 1838 was the abolition of feudal jurisdiction and the question of redemption of the land. This took care of the rulers and Carlo Felice Carlo Alberto of Savoy. Among other reforms of King Carlo Felice, the most important was the extension to Sardinia for the new Civil Code, the repeal of the Charter Logu, remained until then the general law of the kingdom.
King Carlo Alberto went instead to the repeal of the feudal institutions. In the late thirties feudalism was officially abolished. However, the ransom money of the feudal aristocracy and the high clergy was taken away not calculated on the basis of the actual value of the land, but according the satisfaction of the interests of former feudal lords. This was ransom for more serious matters in the form of tax exactions on the local population.
The sale of state-owned land, however, took a turn capitalist in the country, and a consequent expansion of private property: this could happen in a three ways: through the allocation of communal land, through the purchase of state-owned funds from those who possessed capital, and finally through a system of long leases, a middle ground for the bourgeois concerned but without adequate capital. On the bottom of the enfiteuta has the same right to enjoy it is for a landlord but with two specific obligations: one to improve the bottom, 2 to correspond to the bare owner (lessor) a periodical payment (a sum of money or a fixed amount of natural products), for the determination of which party autonomy is constrained by the criteria laid down by special laws . You note the unfortunate sale of land extended to the landowners as compensation for the loss of feudal rights, in fact, with the Edict of August 21, 1838 the decision was made directed by three main purposes: to ensure the feudal property of the crown; satisfy the need of common ground, pay off debts to landowners with coupons of public debt. From 1848 to 1851
other important reforms were implemented: a series provisions are not always implemented and feasible, were abolished and the freedom and the rights of grazing ademprivio. For example, the law of 15 April 1851 prohibiting grazing on private land and established the property tax.
ademprivio rights, for example, that allowed in the wooded expanses of grazing livestock, gathering wood and sometimes cork acorns to plant, and vidazzoni / paberile to facilitate grazing and to act as a safety valve for the layers poor population, were formally abolished after 1848 but continued to be used until 1859 when it was the total abolition and the subsequent division of land between municipalities and state. But what use
made it the state? By the Act of January 4, 1863 the State granted to a British company reserves the rights to the forest and on land with the commitment of building a railway line, a decision which initially caused a strength of the municipalities and private parties but subsequently a general waiver society in the rebellion.
With the "special laws to Sardinia" were allocated to municipalities in the woods, with the obligation to keep and heal them, were created by subsequent speakers Ademprivili Participation fee and land use ex ademprivili and granting of loans as an incentive to build of houses. Everything was
can only mean the destruction of forests trees for budgetary needs and other "unmentionable interests." Let
then an overview of the major cities of Sardinia during the period covered by the population: the largest were Cagliari (27,989 inhabitants), Sassari (approximately 24,500), followed by Iglesias, Temple, Ozieri, Alghero.
We have seen the transition from feudal land-ownership imperfect to that perfect middle-class, which would guarantee better results than the feudal economy, allowing the closure of private land and the introduction of specialty crops.
E 'was provided with a table showing the coins in Sardinia in the first half of the nineteenth century, there were those of gold (Carlino, Carlino half, twice), those silver (Shield, shield half, a quarter of a shield), those made of copper (Real, Real Media), those in copper (Soldo, half Soldo, Cagliarese) and Finally, the paper money (20, 15 or 5 Shields).
